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An exception caught by one catch can be rethrown so that it can be caught by an outer catch The most likely reason for rethrowing an exception is to allow multiple handlers access to the exception For example, perhaps one exception handler manages one aspect of an exception, and a second handler copes with another aspect To rethrow an exception, you simply specify throw, without specifying an expression That is, you use this form of throw: throw ; Remember, when you rethrow an exception, it will not be recaught by the same catch clause Instead, it will propagate to an outer catch The following program illustrates rethrowing an exception In this case, it rethrows an IndexOutOfRangeException

cos( 2 /4) 1 2 2

// Rethrow an exception using System; class Rethrow { public static void GenException() { // Here, numer is longer than denom int[] numer = { 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 }; int[] denom = { 2, 0, 4, 4, 0, 8 }; for(int i=0; i<numerLength; i++) { try { ConsoleWriteLine(numer[i] + " / " + denom[i] + " is " + numer[i]/denom[i]); } catch (DivideByZeroException) { ConsoleWriteLine("Can't divide by Zero!"); } catch (IndexOutOfRangeException) { ConsoleWriteLine("No matching element found"); throw; // rethrow the exception } } } } class RethrowDemo { static void Main() { try {

13:

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RethrowGenException(); } catch(IndexOutOfRangeException) { // recatch exception ConsoleWriteLine("Fatal error -- " + "program terminated"); } } }

In this program, divide-by-zero errors are handled locally, by GenException( ), but an array boundary error is rethrown In this case, the IndexOutOfRangeException is handled by Main( )

6 4 2

Sometimes you will want to define a block of code that will execute when a try/catch block is left For example, an exception might cause an error that terminates the current method, causing its premature return However, that method may have opened a file or a network connection that needs to be closed Such types of circumstances are common in programming, and C# provides a convenient way to handle them: finally To specify a block of code to execute when a try/catch block is exited, include a finally block at the end of a try/catch sequence The general form of a try/catch that includes finally is shown here: try { // block of code to monitor for errors } catch (ExcepType1 exOb) { // handler for ExcepType1 } catch (ExcepType2 exOb) { // handler for ExcepType2 }

nally { // nally code } The finally block will be executed whenever execution leaves a try/catch block, no matter what conditions cause it That is, whether the try block ends normally, or because of an exception, the last code executed is that defined by finally The finally block is also executed if any code within the try block or any of its catch blocks returns from the method Here is an example of finally:

// Use finally using System; class UseFinally { public static void GenException(int what) {

2 /3 0

Part I:

int t; int[] nums = new int[2]; ConsoleWriteLine("Receiving " + what); try { switch(what) { case 0: t = 10 / what; // generate div-by-zero error break; case 1: nums[4] = 4; // generate array index error break; case 2: return; // return from try block } } catch (DivideByZeroException) { ConsoleWriteLine("Can't divide by Zero!"); return; // return from catch } catch (IndexOutOfRangeException) { ConsoleWriteLine("No matching element found"); } finally { ConsoleWriteLine("Leaving try"); } } } class FinallyDemo { static void Main() { for(int i=0; i < 3; i++) { UseFinallyGenException(i); ConsoleWriteLine(); } } }

Here is the output produced by the program: